Distribution of Mosquito Larvae on Kosrae Island, Kosrae State, the Federated States of Micronesia

Surveys of mosquito larvae were carried out in six areas of Kosrae Island, Kosrae State, the Federated States of Micronesia in December 2009 and June 2012. A total of 962 larvae of six species were collected from 106 natural and artificial habitats. They were identified as <i>Aedes aegypti</i>, <i>Ae. albopictus</i>, <i>Ae. marshallensis</i>, <i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i>, <i>Cx. annulirostris</i>, and <i>Cx. kusaiensis</i>. This is the first report from Kosrae Island for three of these species—<i>Ae. marshallensis</i>, <i>Cx. quinquefasciatus</i>, and <i>Cx. annulirostris</i>. The most abundant species was <i>Ae. albopictus</i>, followed by <i>Ae. marshallensis</i>, and these two species were found in all areas. Relatively large numbers of <i>Cx. quinquefasciatus</i> and <i>Cx. kusaiensis</i> were found in five areas. Fewer <i>Cx. annulirostris</i> were found, and only in three areas. <i>Aedes aegypti</i> larvae were collected from a single habitat at Tafunsak in 2009. To prevent the outbreak of dengue fever, environmental management should focus on the destruction, alteration, disposal and recycling of containers that produce larger numbers of adult <i>Aedes</i> mosquitoes.

The correlation between contamination of soil with Ascaris sp. eggs in school yards and ascariasis among primary school children in Mai Trung Commune, Northern Vietnam

Four hundred and six soil samples collected from five schoolyards in Mai Trung Commune, Bac Giang Province, Northern Vietnam, from 2005 to 2007 were examined for helminth eggs using a sucrose centrifugal flotation method. The soils around latrines was found to be heavily contaminated with <I>Ascaris</I> sp. eggs. The contamination rate of Ascaris sp. eggs at each school and prevalence of ascariasis among the school children showed a positive correlation (P&It;0.05). This indicated that examination of soil from the area around latrines for <I>Ascaris</I> sp. eggs is a useful method to estimate the prevalence of ascariasis among school children.

Parasite egg contamination of water and air in a suburban area of Hanoi, Vietnam

Contamination of water and air by soil-transmitted helminth eggs was investigated in a small village located in the suburbs of Hanoi, Vietnam. Water samples were collected from 29 households, two schools, two kindergartens, one restaurant, three ponds and 23 ditch sites during the rainy season. Water samples were also collected at the same places, except for one household and one restaurant, during the dry season. The water samples collected from households, schools, kindergartens and restaurant were comprised of well-water and rain-water. These samples included both water filtrated with sand and gravel and non-filtrated water. Two-liter water samples were examined for helminth eggs by either a centrifugation or flotation method. The contamination of air by helminth eggs was assessed by the method of Kroeger <I>et al</I>. (1992). Eggs in air were trapped on adhesive tapes hanging in rooms and in the area around 29 houses, two schools, two kindergartens, one restaurant and 18 utility poles.<br>Out of 63 water samples collected from households in the rainy season, helminth eggs were found in four water samples; one from non-filtrated well-water and three from filtrated well-water samples. The one non-filtrated water sample contained six eggs of <I>Toxocara</I> sp., while the three filtrated water samples contained one egg each of <I>Trichuris</I> sp., <I>Trichiuris</I> sp. and <I>Taenia</I> sp. No eggs were found in the water samples collected from schools, kindergartens or the restaurant in the rainy season. All water samples collected from ponds and ditches in the rainy season contained many helminth eggs. The eggs found were <I>Ascaris</I> sp., <I>Trichuris</I> sp., <I>Toxocara</I> sp., <I>Ascaridia galli</I>, hookworm, <I>Taenia</I> sp. and <I>Fasciola</I> sp. Examination of the adhesive tapes hanging in the air showed that four sites were contaminated by helminth eggs, i. e. one site near the house, two sites near the school and one site at a utility pole. The species of eggs found were <I>Trichuris</I> sp., <I>Ascaridia galli</I> and <I>Taenia</I> sp. The number of eggs found on tapes was only one or two. In the dry season, a few samples of well-water and rain-water collected from the residential area were contaminated with helminth eggs, and all samples collected from ponds and ditches contained many eggs of various species similar to those collected in the rainy season. The present study clearly indicates that, in our study area, the villagers were subject to infection from soil-transmitted helminthes directly and indirectly through water.